Fundamentals of Fluid Flow in Porous Media

 

Chapter 3

Diffusion Coefficient: Measurement Techniques

NMR Method: Principles of NMR and Processing

Tipping Process

After exposing the protons to the net static magnetic field ( B0 ), apply an oscillating magnetic field (B1) perpendicular to B0, therefore, the magnetization M will precess farther and farther away from the z-axis. This process is called ‘Tipping’. According to the quantum mechanics point of view, if a proton is at the low-energy state (its processional axes are parallel to the net magnetic field), it may absorb energy provided by B1 and jump to the high-energy state. The application of B1 also causes the protons to precess in phase with one another. This change in energy state and in-phase precession caused by B1 is called nuclear magnetic resonance.

Polarization / Relaxation Curve
Figure 3-11: Polarization / Relaxation Curve

The magnetization vector M can be thought of as having a component MZ along the z-axis (direction of B0), which called longitudinal magnetization, and a component Mxy perpendicular to the field named transverse magnetization. At equilibrium Mxy = 0 and MZ = M. when the protons are exposed to the oscillating magnetic field B1, MZ decreases and Mxy increases. The angle of deflection or rotation of sample’s net magnetization depends primarily on the product of amplitude (energy) of the B1 and the length of time that B1 is applied:
angle of deflection or rotation of sample's net magnetization depends primarily on the product of amplitude of the B1 and the length of time B1 is applied

Where,

θ = Tip angle,

B1 = Amplitude (energy) of the oscillating field,

τ = Time over which the oscillating field (B1) is applied

γ = The gyromagnetic ratio (measure of the strength of the nuclear magnetism)

Each nucleus has a fixed γ value. For hydrogen: γ / 2π = 42.58 MHz/tesla.

Angular pulse terms such as π pulse (180° pulse) or a π / 2 pulse (90° pulse), refer to the angle through which magnetization is tipped by B1 (Figure 3‑12).

The Tipping Process
Figure 3-12: The Tipping Process

References

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